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Radiation injury prevention and mitigation in humans / Kedar N. Prasad.

By: Material type: TextTextLanguage: English Publication details: Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC, 2018Description: xv, 285 p. : ill. ; 24 cmContent type:
  • text
Media type:
  • unmediated
Carrier type:
  • volume
ISBN:
  • 9781439874240 (hbk. : alk. paper)
  • 1439874247 (hbk. : alk. paper)
Subject(s): NLM classification:
  • WN 610
Contents:
Growing Health Concerns with Respect to Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation: Can We Prevent and/or Mitigate Them? Introduction Prevention of Radiation Injuries Mitigation of Radiation Injuries The Concept of a Bioshield against Radiation Damage Summary Physics of Radiological Weapons and Nuclear Reactors Introduction Structure of an Atom Isotopes Radioactivity Interactions of Radiation with Matter Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion Physics of Nuclear Reactors Nuclear Accidents Summary References Acute Radiation Damage by High Doses of Ionizing Radiation in Humans Introduction Radiation-Induced Free Radicals Concept of Radiosensitivity of Cells Cellular Radiobiology Biochemical Changes Radiation Syndromes Acute Radiation Sickness (ARS) in Accidently Exposed Individuals Damage to Organ Systems Genetic Basis of Radiation Response in Vitro and in Vivo Mutations and Chromosomal Damage Cellular Immune Response to Ionizing Radiation Radiation Effects on Fetus Radiation Effects on Embryos during Preimplantation of Zygotes Radiation Effects on Embryos after Implantation of Zygotes Radiation Effects on Embryos during Organogenesis Radiation Effects on the Eye of Embryos Radiation Effects on the Gonads of Embryos Identification of a Novel Mechanism of Action of Radiation Summary References Long-Term Damages among Survivors of High Doses of Ionizing Radiation Introduction Spontaneous Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Cost Study of Carcinogenesis in Experimental Models (Tissue Culture and Animals Proposed Stages of Carcinogenesis Effect of Interaction between Radiation and Chemicals on Carcinogenesis Radiation-Induced Cancer Incidence in Humans Incidence of Radiation-Induced Cancer in Humans Late Effects of High-Doses of Radiation on the Risk of Non-Neoplastic Diseases Summary References Prevention and Mitigation of Acute Radiation Sickness (ARS) Introduction Definition of Radioprotective and Radiation Mitigating Agents Concept of a Bioshield against Radiation Damage Prevention of ARS by Radioprotective Agents Factors to be Considered in the Study of Radioprotective Agents Radioprotective Pharmacological Agents Radioprotective Pharmacological Agents Not Approved by the FDA Radioprotective Drugs Approved by the FDA for Other Indications in Humans Radioprotective Herbal Extracts Not Requiring FDA Approval Limitations of Using Most Identified Radioprotective Agents for Prevention of ARS in Humans Radioprotective Dietary and Endogenous Antioxidants Not Requiring FDA Approval Scientific Rationale for Using Multiple Antioxidants Scientific Rationale for Utilizing Oral Route of Administration Scientific Rationale for Administering Multiple Antioxidants before and after Irradiation Animal Studies to Demonstrate the Radioprotective Efficacy of a Mixture of Multiple Dietary and Endogenous Antioxidants Administered Orally before and/or after Irradiation Proposed Recommendation for Using BioShield-R2 in Combination with Standard Therapy for Prevention of ARS in Humans Mitigation of ARS Drugs and Biologics Approved by the FDA Drugs and Biologics Not Approved by the FDA Radioprotective Dietary and Endogenous Antioxidants Not Requiring Approval by the FDA Potential Candidates for an Ideal Bioshield against ARS Proposed Recommendations for Using a Micronutrient Preparation (BioShield-R3) in Combination with Standard Therapy for Mitigating ARS in Humans Summary References Prevention and Mitigation of Late Adverse Effects of High Radiation Doses Introduction Studies on the Role of Antioxidants in Cancer Prevention Properties of Antioxidants Relevant to Cancer Prevention Cancer Prevention Studies with Antioxidants Cancer Risk after Treatment with Multiple Dietary Antioxidants Cancer Risk after Treatment with Vitamin D and Calcium Cancer Risk after Treatment with Folate and B Vitamins Cancer Risk after Treatment with Fat and Fiber Essential Factors for an Effective Cancer Prevention Strategy Proposed Cancer Prevention Strategy for Radiation-Exposed Populations Safety of Micronutrients in BioShield-R2 BioShield-R2 and the Risk of Nonneoplastic Diseases Summary References Health Risks of Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation Introduction Sources of Background Radiation Diagnostic Radiation Procedures Radiation Workers Consequences of Exposure to Low Doses of Radiation Models Used for Risk Estimates of Radiation-Induced Cancer Cancer Risks in Populations Exposed to Diagnostic Radiation Procedures Cancer Risk among Radiation Workers Cancer Risk in Military and Civilian Pilots and Flight Attendants Cancer Risk among Frequent Flyers Risk of Low-Dose Radiation-Induced Nonneoplastic Diseases Summary References Prevention and Mitigation against Radiological Weapons and Nuclear Plant Accidents Introduction Current Preventive Recommendations to Reduce Radiation Doses after Explosion of a Dirty Bomb or a Nuclear Power Plant Accident Proposed Preventive Biological Radiation Protection Strategy after Explosion of a Dirty Bomb or a Nuclear Power Plant Accident Current and Proposed Preventive Recommendations to Reduce Radiation Doses after Explosion of an Atom Bomb Current and Proposed Mitigation Strategy to Reduce Damage after Irradiation with Low or High Doses of Radiation Use of BioShield-R2 and Bioshield-R3 Summary References Prevention and Mitigation of Damage after Low Radiation Doses Introduction Application of the Concept of a Bioshield for Prevention of Radiation Damage BioShield-R1 for Individuals Receiving Diagnostic Radiation Procedures and Frequent Flyers BioShield-R2 for Radiation Workers and Crews of Commercial and Military Aircraft Summary References Implementation Plans for Prevention and Mitigation of Radiation Injury Introduction Radiation Protection Strategies Implementation Plans for Radiation Protection Strategies Educational Programs on the Effects of Ionizing Radiation Exercises and Drills Stockpiling of Radiation Preventive and Mitigating Agents for Biological Protection Responsible Agencies for Stockpiling Radiation Preventive and Mitigating Agents Summary Health Risks of Nonionizing Radiation and Their Prevention and Mitigation Introduction Ultraviolet Radiation Biological Effects of UV Radiation Mechanisms of UV Radiation–Induced Damage Protection against UV Radiation–Induced Damage to the Skin Other Forms of Electromagnetic Radiation Cell Phones Mechanisms of Cell Phone–Induced Damage and Its Protection by Antioxidants Infrared Radiation (IR) Biological Effects of Infrared Radiation Effect of Magnetic Field Summary References Index
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Includes bibliographical references and index.

Growing Health Concerns with Respect to Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation: Can We Prevent and/or Mitigate Them?
Introduction
Prevention of Radiation Injuries
Mitigation of Radiation Injuries
The Concept of a Bioshield against Radiation Damage
Summary

Physics of Radiological Weapons and Nuclear Reactors
Introduction
Structure of an Atom
Isotopes
Radioactivity
Interactions of Radiation with Matter
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Fusion
Physics of Nuclear Reactors
Nuclear Accidents
Summary
References

Acute Radiation Damage by High Doses of Ionizing Radiation in Humans
Introduction
Radiation-Induced Free Radicals
Concept of Radiosensitivity of Cells
Cellular Radiobiology
Biochemical Changes
Radiation Syndromes
Acute Radiation Sickness (ARS) in Accidently Exposed Individuals
Damage to Organ Systems
Genetic Basis of Radiation Response in Vitro and in Vivo
Mutations and Chromosomal Damage
Cellular Immune Response to Ionizing Radiation
Radiation Effects on Fetus
Radiation Effects on Embryos during Preimplantation of Zygotes
Radiation Effects on Embryos after Implantation of Zygotes
Radiation Effects on Embryos during Organogenesis
Radiation Effects on the Eye of Embryos
Radiation Effects on the Gonads of Embryos
Identification of a Novel Mechanism of Action of Radiation
Summary
References

Long-Term Damages among Survivors of High Doses of Ionizing Radiation
Introduction
Spontaneous Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Cost
Study of Carcinogenesis in Experimental Models (Tissue Culture and Animals
Proposed Stages of Carcinogenesis
Effect of Interaction between Radiation and Chemicals on Carcinogenesis
Radiation-Induced Cancer Incidence in Humans
Incidence of Radiation-Induced Cancer in Humans
Late Effects of High-Doses of Radiation on the Risk of Non-Neoplastic Diseases
Summary
References

Prevention and Mitigation of Acute Radiation Sickness (ARS)
Introduction
Definition of Radioprotective and Radiation Mitigating Agents
Concept of a Bioshield against Radiation Damage
Prevention of ARS by Radioprotective Agents
Factors to be Considered in the Study of Radioprotective Agents
Radioprotective Pharmacological Agents
Radioprotective Pharmacological Agents Not Approved by the FDA
Radioprotective Drugs Approved by the FDA for Other Indications in Humans
Radioprotective Herbal Extracts Not Requiring FDA Approval
Limitations of Using Most Identified Radioprotective Agents for Prevention of ARS in Humans
Radioprotective Dietary and Endogenous Antioxidants Not Requiring FDA Approval
Scientific Rationale for Using Multiple Antioxidants
Scientific Rationale for Utilizing Oral Route of Administration
Scientific Rationale for Administering Multiple Antioxidants before and after Irradiation
Animal Studies to Demonstrate the Radioprotective Efficacy of a Mixture of Multiple Dietary and Endogenous Antioxidants Administered Orally before and/or after Irradiation
Proposed Recommendation for Using BioShield-R2 in Combination with Standard Therapy for Prevention of ARS in Humans
Mitigation of ARS
Drugs and Biologics Approved by the FDA
Drugs and Biologics Not Approved by the FDA
Radioprotective Dietary and Endogenous Antioxidants Not Requiring Approval by the FDA
Potential Candidates for an Ideal Bioshield against ARS
Proposed Recommendations for Using a Micronutrient Preparation (BioShield-R3) in Combination with Standard Therapy for Mitigating ARS in Humans
Summary
References

Prevention and Mitigation of Late Adverse Effects of High Radiation Doses
Introduction
Studies on the Role of Antioxidants in Cancer Prevention
Properties of Antioxidants Relevant to Cancer Prevention
Cancer Prevention Studies with Antioxidants
Cancer Risk after Treatment with Multiple Dietary Antioxidants
Cancer Risk after Treatment with Vitamin D and Calcium
Cancer Risk after Treatment with Folate and B Vitamins
Cancer Risk after Treatment with Fat and Fiber
Essential Factors for an Effective Cancer Prevention Strategy
Proposed Cancer Prevention Strategy for Radiation-Exposed Populations
Safety of Micronutrients in BioShield-R2
BioShield-R2 and the Risk of Nonneoplastic Diseases
Summary
References

Health Risks of Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation
Introduction
Sources of Background Radiation
Diagnostic Radiation Procedures
Radiation Workers
Consequences of Exposure to Low Doses of Radiation
Models Used for Risk Estimates of Radiation-Induced Cancer
Cancer Risks in Populations Exposed to Diagnostic Radiation Procedures
Cancer Risk among Radiation Workers
Cancer Risk in Military and Civilian Pilots and Flight Attendants
Cancer Risk among Frequent Flyers
Risk of Low-Dose Radiation-Induced Nonneoplastic Diseases
Summary
References

Prevention and Mitigation against Radiological Weapons and Nuclear Plant Accidents
Introduction
Current Preventive Recommendations to Reduce Radiation Doses after Explosion of a Dirty Bomb or a Nuclear Power Plant Accident
Proposed Preventive Biological Radiation Protection Strategy after Explosion of a Dirty Bomb or a Nuclear Power Plant Accident
Current and Proposed Preventive Recommendations to Reduce Radiation Doses after Explosion of an Atom Bomb
Current and Proposed Mitigation Strategy to Reduce Damage after Irradiation with Low or High Doses of Radiation
Use of BioShield-R2 and Bioshield-R3
Summary
References

Prevention and Mitigation of Damage after Low Radiation Doses
Introduction
Application of the Concept of a Bioshield for Prevention of Radiation Damage
BioShield-R1 for Individuals Receiving Diagnostic Radiation Procedures and Frequent Flyers
BioShield-R2 for Radiation Workers and Crews of Commercial and Military Aircraft
Summary
References

Implementation Plans for Prevention and Mitigation of Radiation Injury
Introduction
Radiation Protection Strategies
Implementation Plans for Radiation Protection Strategies
Educational Programs on the Effects of Ionizing Radiation Exercises and Drills
Stockpiling of Radiation Preventive and Mitigating Agents for Biological Protection
Responsible Agencies for Stockpiling Radiation Preventive and Mitigating Agents
Summary

Health Risks of Nonionizing Radiation and Their Prevention and Mitigation
Introduction
Ultraviolet Radiation
Biological Effects of UV Radiation
Mechanisms of UV Radiation–Induced Damage
Protection against UV Radiation–Induced Damage to the Skin
Other Forms of Electromagnetic Radiation
Cell Phones
Mechanisms of Cell Phone–Induced Damage and Its Protection by Antioxidants
Infrared Radiation (IR)
Biological Effects of Infrared Radiation
Effect of Magnetic Field
Summary
References

Index

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